What is Metabolic Syndrome and How is it Treated?

With the rate of overweight and obesity soaring in Australia to almost 66% of the adult population in 2022, understanding metabolic syndrome is more crucial than ever. (1) This condition, often silent yet significantly impactful, affects a wide swath of the general public. Through this conversational exploration, we’ll delve into what metabolic syndrome entails, identify those at risk, and outline the steps for diagnosis and treatment, emphasising the pivotal role of diet and lifestyle changes.

In this article you will learn:

• What is Metabolic Syndrome?
• Who is at Risk of Metabolic Syndrome?
• What are the Treatment Options?
• The Role of Diet in Managing Metabolic Syndrome
• Lifestyle Changes

Metabolic syndrome isn’t a disease in itself but a cluster of conditions that occur together, increasing your risk of heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes. This syndrome is characterised by five primary risk factors:

• High Blood Pressure: Elevated blood pressure strains the heart and arteries, potentially leading to heart disease and other complications.
• High Blood Sugar Levels: Often indicative of insulin resistance, where cells fail to respond normally to insulin, leading to higher blood sugar and risk of diabetes.
• Excess Fat Around the Waist: Central obesity is a key indicator of metabolic syndrome, with waist measurements of 102 cm or more for men and 88 cm or more for women being risk factors.
• High Triglyceride Levels: Elevated levels of this type of fat in the blood increase the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases.
• Low HDL Cholesterol: Often referred to as “good” cholesterol, low levels of HDL cholesterol can contribute to the risk of heart disease. (2,3)

Having three or more of these conditions constitutes a diagnosis of metabolic syndrome. Each component of the syndrome increases the risk of serious health issues, and together, they significantly amplify the chances of developing long-term, life-threatening conditions.

The risk of developing metabolic syndrome increases with factors such as age, obesity, diabetes history, and other lifestyle choices. Individuals who lead sedentary lifestyles, consume high-sugar and high-fat diets, or have a family history of type 2 diabetes are particularly at risk. Ethnicity and certain disorders such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), fatty liver, and other conditions also play a significant role in an individual’s risk level.  (4)

Treatment for metabolic syndrome primarily focuses on mitigating risk factors through lifestyle modifications and, in some cases, medication. Managing blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and reducing blood glucose levels are key targets. In certain instances, healthcare providers might prescribe medications to control these risk factors, alongside recommending lifestyle adjustments. (3)

Diet plays a pivotal role in managing and potentially reversing metabolic syndrome. There isn’t a specific ‘metabolic syndrome diet’, however a nutrient-rich diet which honours the Mediterranean approach to eating can help mitigate the syndrome’s risk factors, significantly reducing the likelihood of developing more serious health conditions. Here are specific dietary strategies and foods to include:

Whole Grains

Whole grains like oats, barley, brown rice, and whole wheat are rich in fibre, which can help manage blood sugar levels and improve heart health. They replace refined grains, which have been linked to increased belly fat and insulin resistance.

Fruits and Vegetables

A diet high in fruits and vegetables provides essential vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and fibre, which can help lower blood pressure and improve overall heart health. Leafy greens, berries, oranges, and carrots are particularly beneficial.

Lean Protein Sources

Incorporating lean protein sources such as poultry, fish, legumes, and nuts into your diet can help maintain muscle mass and manage weight. Fish rich in omega-3 fatty acids, like salmon and mackerel, are especially good for heart health.

Healthy Fats

Replacing saturated and trans fats with healthy fats found in avocados, olive oil, and nuts can help improve HDL cholesterol levels and reduce the risk of heart disease. These fats also help with satiety, reducing the likelihood of overeating.

Low-fat Dairy

Opting for low-fat dairy products can help reduce the intake of saturated fats, which have been shown to increase the risk of heart disease. Low-fat yoghurts and milk provide calcium, protein, and other essential nutrients without the added risk.

Limit Sugary Foods and Beverages

Sugary foods and beverages contribute to weight gain and can increase blood sugar levels, exacerbating the conditions associated with metabolic syndrome. Limiting these foods is crucial in managing the syndrome.

Sodium Intake

High sodium intake is linked to high blood pressure, one of the risk factors for metabolic syndrome. Limiting processed foods, which are often high in sodium, and seasoning foods with herbs and spices instead of salt can help manage blood pressure. (5,6,7,8)

Incorporating these dietary changes can significantly impact managing metabolic syndrome. It’s not about a single food or nutrient; it’s about a holistic approach to eating that emphasises natural, nutrient-rich foods. Think about what you could add in first before you start subtracting. Consulting with a dietitian or healthcare provider can help tailor these recommendations to fit individual health needs and preferences, ensuring a balanced and effective approach to managing or reversing metabolic syndrome.

In addition to dietary adjustments, incorporating regular physical activity is vital. Aiming for at least 150 minutes of moderate aerobic exercise or 75 minutes of vigorous exercise each week, alongside strength training exercises, can significantly reduce the risk factors associated with metabolic syndrome. Quitting smoking and reducing alcohol intake also contribute to a healthier lifestyle and reduced risk of developing this syndrome. (3,9)

Metabolic syndrome is a complex condition with serious health implications, but with the right approach, can be managed and reversed. Understanding the syndrome, recognising the risk factors, and adopting a healthier lifestyle can mitigate these risks and lead to a healthier, more vibrant life. Remember, the journey to better health begins with small, manageable steps. Consult with healthcare professionals to tailor a plan that suits your needs and embark on a path to wellness.